Conditionals, Assignments, and Definitions

As with the metacircular evaluator, special forms are handled by selectively evaluating fragments of the expression. For an if expression, we must evaluate the predicate and decide, based on the value of predicate, whether to evaluate the consequent or the alternative.

Before evaluating the predicate, we save the if expression itself so that we can later extract the consequent or alternative. We also save the environment, which we will need later in order to evaluate the consequent or the alternative, and we save continue, which we will need later in order to return to the evaluation of the expression that is waiting for the value of the if.

ev-if (save exp) ; save expression for later (save env) (save continue) (assign continue (label ev-if-decide)) (assign exp (op if-predicate) (reg exp)) (goto (label eval-dispatch)) ; evaluate the predicate

When we return from evaluating the predicate, we test whether it was true or false and, depending on the result, place either the consequent or the alternative in exp before going to eval-dispatch. Notice that restoring env and continue here sets up eval-dispatch to have the correct environment and to continue at the right place to receive the value of the if expression.

ev-if-decide (restore continue) (restore env) (restore exp) (test (op true?) (reg val)) (branch (label ev-if-consequent)) ev-if-alternative (assign exp (op if-alternative) (reg exp)) (goto (label eval-dispatch)) ev-if-consequent (assign exp (op if-consequent) (reg exp)) (goto (label eval-dispatch))

Assignments and definitions

Assignments are handled by ev-assignment, which is reached from eval-dispatch with the assignment expression in exp. The code at ev-assignment first evaluates the value part of the expression and then installs the new value in the environment. Set-variable-value! is assumed to be available as a machine operation.

ev-assignment (assign unev (op assignment-variable) (reg exp)) (save unev) ; save variable for later (assign exp (op assignment-value) (reg exp)) (save env) (save continue) (assign continue (label ev-assignment-1)) (goto (label eval-dispatch)) ; evaluate the assignment value ev-assignment-1 (restore continue) (restore env) (restore unev) (perform (op set-variable-value!) (reg unev) (reg val) (reg env)) (assign val (const ok)) (goto (reg continue))

ev-definition (assign unev (op definition-variable) (reg exp)) (save unev) ; save variable for later (assign exp (op definition-value) (reg exp)) (save env) (save continue) (assign continue (label ev-definition-1)) (goto (label eval-dispatch)) ; evaluate the definition value ev-definition-1 (restore continue) (restore env) (restore unev) (perform (op define-variable!) (reg unev) (reg val) (reg env)) (assign val (const ok)) (goto (reg continue))

Exercise 5.23. Extend the evaluator to handle derived expressions such as cond, let, and so on (section 4.1.2). You may "cheat" and assume that the syntax transformers such as cond->if are available as machine operations.^{noteThis isn't really cheating. In an actual implementation built from scratch, we would use our explicit-control evaluator to interpret a Scheme program that performs source-level transformations like cond->if in a syntax phase that runs before execution.}

Exercise 5.24. Implement cond as a new basic special form without reducing it to if. You will have to construct a loop that tests the predicates of successive cond clauses until you find one that is true, and then use ev-sequence to evaluate the actions of the clause.

Exercise 5.25. Modify the evaluator so that it uses normal-order evaluation, based on the lazy evaluator of section 4.2.